Immunization Vaccination Schedule:Introduction,History,EPI

ISSN 0973 - 0958

Immunization and Vaccination

Immunization(Vaccination) schedule

Immunization and Vaccination

BCG Vaccine

Chickenpox or Varicella Vaccine

DPT Vaccine

Frequently asked questions on immunization

Hepatitis A Vaccine

Hepatitis B Vaccine

Hib Vaccine

Human Papillomavirus vaccine

Immunization Schedule

Influenza vaccine

Measles Vaccine

Meningococcal vaccine

Polio Vaccine

VACCINE REMINDER

Get the Vaccine Schedule for your child."

IMMUNIZATION AND IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE

Immunization
Immunization is the process of artificially inducing immunity or providing protection from disease. Activeimmunizationis the processof stimulating the body to produce antibody and other immuneresponsesthrough administration of avaccine or toxoid. Passive immunizationis provision of temporaryimmunity by administration of preformed antibodies derived fromhumans or animals.

Vaccine
It is defined as a suspension of live attenuated or inactivated microorganisms, or fractions of microorganisms which on administration induce immunity and prevent disease.

History of vaccination
With introduction of vaccines, over 3 million deaths from measles, neonatal tetanus and pertussis areprevented by vaccination each year. In the Americas, poliomyelitis has beeneliminated, and measles is close to elimination. Globally, reported poliomyelitis incidence has declined by over 80% since 1988. Subsequently vaccines are now available for various diseases including Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, H. influenza B, pneumococcal disease, mumps, rubella, typhoid, chickenpox, rotavirus, human papillomavirus, meningococcal disease, and influenza virus.

Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI)
The World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in May 1974 with the objective to vaccinate children throughout the world. Ten years later, in 1984, the WHO established a standardized vaccination schedule for the original EPI vaccines: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DPT), oral polio, and measles. Increased knowledge of the immunologic factors of disease led to new vaccines being developed and added to the EPI's list of recommended vaccines: Hepatitis B (HepB), yellow fever in countries endemic for the disease, and Haemophilusinfluenzae meningitis (Hib) conjugate vaccine in countries with high burden of disease.For over 30 years, the EPI programme has helped to create a globalconsensus on disease prevention and immunization

WHO recommendations for routine immunization
In order to assist programme managers develop optimal immunization schedules WHO has compiled key information on its current routine immunization recommendations into two summary tables. The table given below provides detailed information for routine immunizations for children, including age at first dose and intervals.

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